BPM in Action

Earlier this month, IBM announced that it has integrated its FileNet BPM offering with Cognos 8 (which IBM also owns) and its business intelligence features. The company has also transformed its January acquisition of AptSoft into IBM WebSphere Business Events, a “BPM Suite” designed to ease and speed the integration of BPM, BI, and event processing.

Whatever one wants to say or argue about whether or not this is a suite or a portfolio, and whether or not it represents a new set of solutions or old wine in new bottles, this is a meaningful development. It demonstrates that:
1. IBM is serious about integrating its FileNet technologies with BI solutions;
2. IBM is serious about integrating event-related features and processing with BPM and BI; and
3. IBM is committed to integration of BI, BPM, and event processing with/via service-oriented architectures (SOAs).

This mirrors the continuing evolution of The Big Mash-Up in enterprises of all sizes and types. Increasingly, by my lights, anyway, users are seeing BI, BPM, and analytics as tools for answering questions about “who, what, where, and why,” event-driven features and event processing as tools for answering “when,” and SOAs as answers to “how.” A construction that may be a bit inelegant, but begins to shed light on some of the forces driving The Big Mash-Up.

And IBM isn’t the only vendor heading down this path. BEA Systems, for example, is talking increasingly about the “Event-Driven SOA.” Oracle offers an “Event-Driven Architecture Suite,” an element of what the company calls “SOA 2.0.” And there’s more to come, from familiar and emerging vendors.

This is a big and growing deal. If you’d like to read more about it, check out my Aberdeen Group Analyst Insight, “Building Event-Driven Architectures: Many Paths, One Mountain.” And if you haven’t yet done so, check out my Benchmark Study, “Performance in a Service-Oriented Architecture World,” while it’s still available at no cost for a now-VERY-limited time, as the marketeers like to say. (If you’re quick and have 10 minutes to spare, you can still take my survey on application and infrastructure monitoring and management, which entitles you to FREE copies of the SOA performance study AND the report to be based on the survey when that’s published. Such a deal, as we former Brooklynites like to say!)

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Business Knowledge Management • Current Events • Enterprise Information Integration • Event-Driven Architecture • IBM • IT Infrastructure Management • SOA • The Big Mash-Up  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (0)

The wait is over. Now, the wait can begin.

There is a standard known as Web Services Business Process Execution Language, or WS-BPEL. It's promulgated by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information (OASIS), a broadly supported and widely respected international consortium. WS-BPEL is now at version 2.0. It's very good at providing a framework for orchestrating so-called "composite applications," ideally composed from multiple already-written applications or application elements. WS-BPEL is not very good at providing a framework for human workflows – and those human workflows often have significant, yet difficult-to-predict effects on business processes, as well as application and services workflows.

After a bunch of work for a bunch of time, there is now BPEL4People, a Web Services specification that describes ways to model human workflows. Initial supporting vendors include Active Endpoints (provider of BPEL support tools for SOA developers and architects), Adobe Systems, Inc., BEA Systems, Inc., IBM Corp., Oracle Corp., and SAP AG.

An element of BPEL4People, Web Services Human Task, intends to depict human actions as activities that can be "consumed" by applications and services. This could, then, bridge and significantly narrow the gap between service-oriented architectures (SOAs) and the humans attempting to use the services to do work that makes the business go.

BPEL4People, in essence, intends to help integrate the management of processes that describe and govern the behavior of applications, services, and systems with that of those processes that describe and govern human behaviors. For those of us who have been yammering about and clamoring for human-centric BPM – or "business knowledge management," or "people process management," or whatever you want to call it – this is great news.

But it is only a beginning. Because now, the vendors supporting BPEL4People have to do three things, and they have to do them quickly, transparently, and well. First, they have to attract more vendor support and endorsement of the specification, especially among their software-developing partners. Second, they have to deliver products that make real the promise of the specification. Third, they have to get the specification transmogrified by OASIS into a formal industry standard. Preferably before too many "early implementations" and "enhancements" make interoperability too slippery a slope for too many prospective developers and users.

You can read more about BPEL4People here at ebizQ, and in the Oracle news release. You might then want to contact your top three incumbent and/or prospective IT and BPM solution providers, and find out their plans for support of BPEL4People. I intend to do some of that myself. Let me know what you find out, and I'll share and compare findings in future outings here. Could be good; it's just a question of when, and how good…

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Business Knowledge Management • Current Events • IBM  |  Permalink  | Comments (1)  | TrackBacks (0)

I've quoted Shakespeare's Henry V above. (That's "Henry the Fifth" for the apparently increasing number of you who have never received instruction about Roman numerals.) The king went on to say this to encourage his troops into spirited battle.

"In peace there's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility:
But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
Then imitate the action of the tiger;
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood…"

Now, I of course know that there's nothing about BPM and related subjects that's anything like war. However, I do fervently believe there are Things Going On that will require IT and business decision-makers at user and vendor companies to similarly gird themselves in preparation for an unknown, but likely turbulent future.

Some of that turbulence is already evident, as users and vendors struggle to integrate and consolidate their efforts and thinking around business analytics, intelligence, and the capture, discovery, mapping, management, and optimization of business activities and processes. But a very interesting element of this has to do specifically with the combination of search and analysis/intelligence functionality.

I've written here previously about how unstructured data can both challenge and inform BPM efforts. The thing is, a lot of useful information – almost all truly useful information, according to some – is captured and stored as what computers, at least, think of as unstructured data. And of course, unstructured data, being, well, unstructured, is much harder to search through and extract from than neat little columns and rows of known, consistent characters.

So IBM has devoted a fair amount of effort into developing and encouraging development of technologies that make searching unstructured data less onerous and more useful. That effort has led to offerings and initiatives such as LanguageWare, a "human language technology" platform intended to ease and speed multi-lingual (or, as IBM calls it, "language-neutral") analysis and management of unstructured data such as what businesspeople often call "content" and "documents." Also OmniFind, the search and text analytics technology that is a key component of IBM's content management portfolio. And the Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) project. And, of course, IBM's acquisition of FileNet, one of the first content management solution vendors to focus on the intersections between business content and process management.

And now, IBM is partnering with BI and analytics solution vendor Business Objects SA. As reported at ebizQ, IBM has announced a new "dynamic warehousing" strategy, and some new data warehousing solutions. One of these includes Business Objects Crystal Reports Server; another supports tight integration with Business Objects' Crystal Decisions BI suite.

This is separate from yet another IBM announcement of BI integration with IBM enterprise computing solutions. Also as reported at ebizQ, IBM announced integration into its System i "all-in-one" business computing platform a special edition of the WebFOCUS BI suite from Information Builders.

What does all of this mean? Broader and deeper abilities to unearth clues and facts about how real people use real information to do real work. Information that can greatly inform efforts to discover, map, and optimize business processes and workflows, for systems and users. More powerful features for searching for – and actually finding – actionable information about the processes governing IT resource and infrastructure management and business alignment. And a wide range of options, for a broad and growing range of enterprise sizes and types.

At least, that's what I hope and believe. What about you? Do let me know.

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM • IT Infrastructure Management  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (1)

I had a great conversation recently with Mark Anderson, Executive Vice President of Overtone Software, Inc., and Mark Presnell, CEO at Ability Software Ltd. Overtone offers several interesting and useful solutions for creating and managing content from Microsoft Corp. Exchange e-mail or SharePoint collaboration deployments. Overtone is also the exclusive North American distributor and reseller for what I feel has become Overtone's "jewel in the crown," the AbilitySuite for IBM Corp.'s Lotus Notes.

The solution offers three levels of archiving and archive management, all selectable and configurable by enterprise IT and business decision-makers. The first level supports basic archiving based on simple rules, and focuses on capturing all e-mails for compliance and governance purposes. The next level combines support for more complex rules with methods for reducing overall archive and mailbox size, without sacrificing access to full content. (I'm intentionally compressing and simplifying here; more details are of course available at the Overtone Software Web site.)

The coolest stuff happens at the third level, however. That's where consolidation and integration of diverse incumbent compliance, discovery, litigation support, and records and security management tools can happen. That's also where enterprises can tag and categorize e-mails based on their own specific business goals, needs, and processes. It's also where Overtone's powerful AbilitySuite Central Search Portal can be used to find almost anything you'd care to find in a centralized message archive. That's why the company refers to what happens at this level as "Information Governance," or "E-mail Knowledge Management."

But look carefully at what that archive can tell you, not just about e-mails and collaborations, but about business processes. A growing number of my analyst industry colleagues are increasingly reporting that high percentages of business-critical intellectual property (IP) reside in those e-mails. That means that once you can not only search through archives, but analyze content and collaboration "flows," you can determine much about what people are doing, and how and why they're doing it. In other words, you can get a lot closer to human-centric BPM.

Suppose you could easily see, for example, that changes to the IT infrastructure or customer-facing business processes were accompanied by spikes in e-mails to, from, or among certain internal constituencies. Might not that information be useful in helping to make (or unmake) refinements to the IT infrastructure and/or relevant processes? Similarly, if e-mails containing particular enterprise IP elements increase or decrease in response to particular business and/or IT changes, that e-mail pattern shift might tell you valuable things as well. For example, you might equip e-mail users not already so equipped with a shared portal, to make sharing of the IP they're using easier for them and perhaps more secure for the enterprise.

Overtone is not the only e-mail archiving solution vendor out there, of course, and if you're using an e-mail archive, you can already apply some useful analysis to at least some of the information stored there. However, what makes the Overtone AbilitySuite stand out, from my BPM-centric perspective, is the combination of its reporting and integration features. Also, since it is built to be closely aligned with the Lotus Notes platform, it is poised to take full advantage of the improvements IBM recently made to that platform, as discussed here previously.

Heck, I can easily imagine a day when real-time and near-real-time e-mail traffic analysis is used not only to flag and route around IT infrastructure problems, but to highlight and spur refinements in business processes. But then, Mom always said I was naively optimistic. Nonetheless, the Overtone folks seem to share at least some of my optimism and excitement about the real and potential links between e-mail archive management and BPM improvement and optimization. But as always, I'm most interested in what YOU think, so do please let me know.

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (0)

Unstructured Data: Yet Another "First Mile" Challenge to Effective BPM

OK, this is likely my last Lotusphere-inspired rant for this year, for those of you who have been waiting for me to stop harping on that event. However, I did see a fair amount of thought-provoking, BPM-related stuff there, especially related to the "first mile" problem of information capture...

One such item was a prototype "smart personal assistant" that "lives inside" a user's computer. In the demo and discussion presented to me by an enthusiastic chap from IBM Corp. in Ireland, I saw software "skim through" incoming e-mails and rapidly and accurately triage them in order of importance and urgency. Criteria included key words in subject lines and message bodies, as well as sender information. These were manipulated based on simple rules given to the "assistant" by the hypothetical user.

So what's this got to do with BPM? Well, software that can perform such analysis rapidly and accurately can do so because of its ability to navigate through what the buzzword-heads call "unstructured data." For the purposes of this discussion, "structured data" is data that is all but "computation-ready" without further manipulation – typically data already stored in or produced by a computer. "Unstructured data" is how humans typically communicate – e-mails may be on computers, but they do NOT all contain orderly rows and columns of text and digits.

Structured data is of course useful, in part because it is almost always easier to assimilate into and manipulate with automated, IT-based solutions for analysis, consolidation, sharing, visualization, and similar tasks. However, there's lots of unstructured data that could add immeasurably to such efforts, if it were easy to collect and integrate into the enterprise "data stream."

For example, the unstructured data contained in any notes that support providers make while solving specific user problems could be very useful in the analysis and refinement of support processes. Similarly, notes and e-mails captured and exchanged during almost any user or customer interactions could help process managers deliver processes that are more human-centric and business-driven.

Business processes are, almost by definition, made up of data that is difficult or impossible to "structure" in the ways traditionally employed by computers and software. So, until and unless you can figure out how to translate all process-related information into accurate and complete structured representations, you're going to have to figure out ways to capture and use unstructured data effectively. Technologies are evolving that can help (and the people running database management or analysis efforts at your enterprise may already have some). However, for the time being, there is no substitute for old-fashioned conversations, interviews, and surveys of representatives of all key BPM constituencies, from external customers and internal users to support providers and process managers themselves. You may have some mostly manual "heavy lifting" to do to get such information and to integrate it into your BPM efforts. But those efforts will have little to no business value without that information.

So, how do you and your colleagues deal with unstructured BPM-related information now, and how are you planning to do so, if at all? Do let me know, and we'll revisit this issue as your interest levels dictate.

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (0)

Another "first mile" stumbling block in the path towards effective, human-centric BPM (and/or business knowledge management or BKM) is capture of information in ways that are easily usable by IT systems, yet easily used by humans. In this context, the printed form, filled out "by hand" with a pen or even at a computer, is at or near the top of everyone's list of very-favorite IT challenges.

So, let's say you've at least got online forms, created and stored as, say, Adobe Systems Inc. PDF documents, and you're also using IBM Corp.'s Lotus Notes and/or Domino solutions. Let's say you've also got the great idea that the ability to capture information from and about those forms into Notes/Domino databases would be a nifty enhancement to your BPM/BKM efforts. But how to capture that PDF information into those databases painlessly?

Why, with a tool built atop Microsoft Corp.'s .NET, and delivered via software as a service (SaaS), of course. And no, you don't have to build said tool. The heavy lifting's already been done, in the form, so to speak, of FormRouter.NET from FormRouter, Inc.

It's a hosted service that charges annual subscription fees to its cadre of corporate customers. What they get in exchange is easy, painless transmogrification of PDF forms – or Flash, HTML, or InfoPath documents, or Microsoft .NET Active Server Pages or Word or Excel files, or OpenOffice.org spreadsheets – into Notes/Domino databases. File attachments, form data only, or complete forms, with all digital signatures intact, if users so choose. No programming. No servers to deploy or maintain.

And the FormRouter solution works with other databases, too. Microsoft Access, for example (and perhaps not surprisingly). There's a great success story at the FormRouter Web site about a company that used the company's solution to cut down on spam. The company stopped posting e-mail addresses on its Web site, and replaced them an online inquiry form. The form routes inquiries to the right people, and captures form information in an Access database for follow-on marketing efforts. Spam down, productivity, sales, and satisfaction up.

I met with the CTO of FormRouter, Jim Healy, and took a tour of the company's Notes/Domino integration during IBM's Lotusphere event in Orlando last week. The company is working with partners ranging from IBM to Intel Corp. With FormRouter, for example, field forces can use online forms based on the Mobile Forms Technology (MFT) FormRouter developed in partnership with Intel, then have those forms easily sucked up by Salesforce.com databases. FormRouter was the first service provider granted the right by Adobe to add extensions to the free Adobe Reader software, Jim said.

No matter what collaboration environment you're running, if you're dealing with forms, and looking for a way to deal with them more effectively, you should check out FormRouter. And whether you are or are not dealing with forms, you should still check out FormRouter, for clues about how the combination of forms capture and analysis can help you build and refine business processes more effectively. After all, in a lot of ways, forms, how they're filled out, and what happens after they are represent critical first steps in many business processes. So they might be a good starting point for your own BPM/BKM efforts. Or not. Either way, I'm sure you'll let me know…

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM • Microsoft • Software as a Service  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (0)

I've been reading some of the more recent postings in James Taylor's Decision Management blog here on ebizQ, and I find his insights refreshingly business- and human-focused and to the point. You might find them so as well.

So while thinking about how decisions affect processes and vice versa, I came across yet another interesting new techno-thingie...ok, ok, potentially valuable IT-based business tool at IBM Corp.'s Lotusphere event in Orlando this week. It's called "Many Eyes."

Many Eyes has its own Web site, where you can go and check it out, something I recommend strongly. You can also read IBM's news release about it, but nothing beats seeing and test-driving this fascinating tool. In brief, it lets anyone select, visualize, comment upon, share, and invite other comments upon information. Almost any information.

Sounds simple, and it is. But it's also extraordinary. You can, for example, comment upon another's visualization by revisualizing the same data, or selecting different subsets, and both you and others can compare not only the comments and visualizations, but the differences in the underlying data.

Okay, the idea doesn't leap off the screen as mere words, I know. But read the release, then go check out the site. Trust me, once you get what it's doing, you will quickly start to smile at the potential. If that doesn't do it, check out some of the visualizations already created and shared by others. (One of my favorites: "Bubble Chart of Breakdown of sex and specialty of guests on The Colbert Report" [sic], by Anonymous.)

Then, once you've been amused, consider the implications for business processes. If Many Eyes technologies could be brought to bear on information gathered about the tools and information people actually use at work, couldn't that help make processes more human-centric? If processes could be crafted and deployed, and their results visualized and collaboratively analyzed, couldn't that make process refinement more effective? (For that matter, couldn't it even help improve support processes and policies if applied to information about IT infrastructure failures and responses to them, too?)

Let's go one step beyond, if not further. What about capturing and tracking the frequency by which participants create, share, and comment upon visualizations by type? A dynamic version of such a list could help out a lot when looking for people with particular areas of expertise as potential project team members, couldn't it? (This is just a business-focused variation of the basic services provided by Web sites such as Yahoo! Answers.)

They say a picture is worth 1,000 words. What, then, is the ability to turn complex, interrelated sets of information about human behavior at work into easily shared fodder for collaborative analysis and discussion worth to enterprise agility and responsiveness? (Whew!)

Many Eyes isn't yet available as a licensed, inside-the-firewall product. But I'm sure IBM is working on that, and/or a securely "private" version of today's publicly available version. But it's not too early to check it out, and to start thinking (dreaming?) about how the underlying concepts can be applied to management of business and human processes at your enterprise. I think the accessible, easy-to-use combination of visualization and collaboration could have significant effects on lots of business processes, and on their management. What do you think?

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM  |  Permalink  | Comments (1)  | TrackBacks (0)

OK, let's review. One way to make traditional BPM "disappear" is for BPM-enabled applications and services to appear and proliferate. This means vendors need to help to enable the easy construction, deployment, management, and revision of such applications, by independent software vendors (ISVs) and by enterprise developers (and users, where appropriate). Provision of this help via interoperable, open, standards-based technologies would also…well, help.

Salesforce.com, Inc.'s latest offerings and updates are poised to deliver such help atop its vaunted software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform. And yesterday and today, IBM Corp.'s been unveiling multiple phases of its strategy to support similar features, in ways that integrate with incumbent applications and solutions, from IBM and other vendors. And IBM's latest announcements are built atop broadly adopted, open, standards-based Eclipse technologies. This means those announcements, as and when they become products, will "reach out and touch" multiple technology platforms with equal ease and functionality. This should appeal to corporate developers in heterogeneous environments (that is to say, all of them), and commercial developers seeking the broadest possible markets.

And what of Microsoft Corp., arguably the company with the offerings used by more enterprise users than those of any other vendor? Well, according to today's news reports, Microsoft chose the week of IBM's Lotusphere event to announce new tools and templates, intended to ease the travails of those seeking to migrate from Lotus Notes and/or Domino to Microsoft technologies. At least one of those same news reports indicates that Microsoft has outfitted a bus with demonstrations of and information about Windows Vista and its latest collaboration solutions. That bus is in Orlando, where Lotusphere is, this week, the report adds.

In other words, the very same week IBM announces a brave new world of openness and opportunity for its users and developers – a world that even embraces those committed to Microsoft technologies – Microsoft once again decides it's time to "help" Notes/Domino users to lock themselves into the Microsoft fold. To be sure, Microsoft is touting its alliances, partnerships, and standards support. But the argument just ain't as compelling as IBM's. Moreover, the timing and nature of Microsoft's announcements and reported actions risk making the company seem slightly less welcoming and confident in its abilities to compete on merits than, say, IBM.

Oh, come on, Microsoft. Creative marketing is creative marketing, but there's sometimes a thin line between "creative" and "spiteful-looking."

It would be very, very difficult for me to recommend that any IT or business decision-maker NOT look at the alternative approaches to BPM-enabled applications and services or unified communications and collaboration from both companies. And for those in environments already dominated by Microsoft technologies, there are likely strong arguments in favor of continuing and extending those investments. However, given that the imminent appearance of major new releases of just about every significant product Microsoft sells to corporations, "a change is gonna come" anyway. Given that, it should by no means be assumed that Microsoft's solutions and strategies are necessarily the best choice, even in currently Microsoft-dominated environments. After all, IBM brings a lot to the party, too, especially in terms of experience and proven best practices helping translate heterogeneous technologies into business-boosting solutions.

Besides, I don't care much for Microsoft's apparent attitude in this case. If it were my company, I'd much rather build BPM into my business applications using templates and technologies from a company "walking the talk" about interoperability, openness, and standards. At least as of right now, IBM and Salesforce.com each looks a lot like such a company – but the Colossus of Redmond does not. And the sad part is, it could, it really could. It just doesn't seem very predisposed to do so any time soon.

At least, that's what I think. What about you?

technorati tags: lotusphere2007, ibm

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM • Microsoft  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (0)

"While it pains me to endorse the 'evil empire,' human-centric BPM technologies that leverage Microsoft Office really do have a leg up. People use Excel and Word. What's strange is that Microsoft itself doesn't own a human-centric BPM software [offering]."
– Steven, commenting on my blog entry "Why Workflow Doesn't HAVE to Suck" (which I read only after writing the entry that appears below, eerily enough).

So I'm in Orlando, at IBM Corp.'s Lotusphere event. And I've taken a look at the stuff IBM's announced. And I've decided that IBM – and at least some of its internal people and external partners, are moving rapidly towards delivering collaboration solutions that embody some advanced BPM and business knowledge management (BKM) features and concepts.

You should check out Lotus Notes 8, not only for its nifty features, but for how IBM built them. IBM used open source Eclipse technologies that make supporting Linux, Microsoft Windows, and other environments easier for IBM and its software developer partners. IBM did and is doing the same with its Lotus Connections tool, and kind of "MySpace for grown-ups with jobs," and its Lotus Quickr content-sharing and collaboration solution. This one is designed to let users easily create shared content repositories and invite other users to share in the sharing.

So instead of taking on Microsoft's Outlook and Exchange head-to-head again/still, IBM now can say it has interesting, useful tools that work seamlessly with those worthy competitors – and do things that they don't. And those building process- and BKM-enabled applications can reach out and touch Linux, Mac, mobile, Windows, and other users with equal ease. This makes such applications more attractive to build, because it expands their potential markets. It also makes them more attractive to those of us who care about BPM and BKM, because such efforts have to touch everyone to deliver maximum business value.

The Lotusphere Innovation Lab is showcasing more examples of BKM/BPM-enabled, human-centric applications built atop the new foundations IBM is sowing. "Activity-Centric Computing for Evolving Business Practices," a tool that supports ad hoc business practices and encoding of those practices into reusable templates. LiveBook, which combines Lotus Sametime instant messaging with shared content. Integration of Sametime with IBM's Rational Jazz tool for collaborative software development. All opportunities to build business processes and best practices into applications that focus on people, tasks, and information – the building blocks of "IT 3.0."

You'll likely hear, read, and see more about most of the above during the next few months, as IBM begins to deliver on the promise being unveiled this week. But the neatest things about all of this are things that aren't being announced, but are being quietly, excitedly discussed here in Orlando. IBM is doing things that are making Lotus technologies cool and exciting again, after playing second fiddle to Microsoft for too long. And aside from its pragmatic, business-driven use of open source technologies, IBM's latest moves are enabling others to build BPM and BKM features and concepts into relatively easy-to-build applications, and to deliver these to users across multiple platforms, each with a near-native look and feel.

IBM is increasingly in a position to compete anew with Microsoft where the rubber most meets the road – at the point of the user experience. And IBM has strengths to bring to that competition, including broad, deep experience with BPM and related issues – strengths that are broader and more mature than most of Microsoft's. So if IBM gets it like I think IBM gets it, it will be very, very interesting to see how the two companies manifest their respective visions of how to get to effective BPM, BKM, and truly human-centric, process-driven business computing. Stay tuned. I know I will. Do let me know if you see something to which you think I should pay (more) attention.

technorati tags: lotusphere2007, ibm

Posted by mdortch in BPM • Collaboration • IBM  |  Permalink  | Comments (0)  | TrackBacks (0)